Affective neuroscience, as conceptualized by Jaak Panksepp, provides valuable insights into trauma by focusing on the neurobiological foundations of emotions. Panksepp (1998) identified seven primary emotional systems in the mammalian brain—SEEKING, FEAR, RAGE, LUST, CARE, PANIC/GRIEF, and PLAY—each rooted in distinct neural circuits that are evolutionarily conserved across species. In trauma-informed care, three of these systems—FEAR, RAGE, and PANIC/GRIEF—are especially pertinent due to their prominent roles in trauma reactions.
FEAR System: The Neurobiology of Threat
The FEAR system is primarily anchored in the amygdala and related subcortical structures, governing the classical fight-or-flight response. When faced with danger, the FEAR system mobilizes the body for immediate action, producing physiological arousal (increased heart rate, adrenaline release, heightened vigilance) and emotional responses such as anxiety or panic (Panksepp, 1998; Panksepp & Biven, 2012). Traumatic experiences hyperactivate and often sensitize the FEAR system, causing heightened and prolonged reactions even to non-threatening stimuli. In post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma survivors frequently exhibit chronic activation of this neural circuit, resulting in symptoms like hypervigilance, intrusive anxiety, and exaggerated startle responses (Van der Kolk, 2014).
Panksepp’s research illustrates how repeated trauma can strengthen neural connections within the FEAR circuitry through mechanisms such as long-term potentiation, effectively “hard-wiring” the brain for rapid, intense fear responses (Panksepp, 1998). Consequently, therapeutic interventions aiming to soothe and recalibrate the FEAR system, such as controlled exposure, somatic grounding, or relaxation training, become crucial strategies for trauma recovery.
RAGE System: Trauma and Defensive Aggression
The RAGE system, centered around midbrain structures, manages emotional states involving anger, irritation, and defensive aggression. Trauma—particularly interpersonal trauma characterized by victimization or violation—often sensitizes the RAGE system, leaving individuals with chronically activated neural circuits related to anger and defensiveness (Panksepp & Biven, 2012). Clinically, this can manifest as irritability, rage outbursts, or persistent feelings of injustice and anger, common in trauma survivors and individuals diagnosed with complex PTSD or borderline personality disorder (Corrigan & Hull, 2015).
Understanding RAGE from an affective neuroscience perspective helps clinicians view these reactions compassionately, recognizing that aggressive or hostile behaviors often reflect underlying pain, fear, or trauma-related distress rather than deliberate misconduct (Panksepp, 1998). Therapeutic strategies that acknowledge and safely channel RAGE, such as expressive interventions, anger management techniques, and compassionate inquiry into underlying vulnerabilities, can help mitigate these trauma-induced disruptions.
PANIC/GRIEF System: Trauma and Attachment Loss
The PANIC/GRIEF system, closely associated with the experience of loss, loneliness, and separation distress, is activated when an individual experiences attachment disruptions or social disconnection (Panksepp & Biven, 2012). Early attachment trauma or traumatic loss can profoundly sensitize this system, resulting in prolonged feelings of abandonment, sadness, or emptiness. Individuals who experience chronic neglect, abandonment, or repeated loss often demonstrate heightened PANIC/GRIEF responses, making them particularly vulnerable to depressive disorders, complex PTSD, and persistent emotional dysregulation (Panksepp, 1998; Schore, 2003).
Clinically, symptoms rooted in the PANIC/GRIEF system are often expressed as profound emotional pain, persistent sadness, separation anxiety, or intense relational dependency. Therapists informed by Panksepp’s theory can better understand the deep attachment needs underlying such symptoms. Therapeutic interventions focusing on building secure therapeutic relationships, fostering compassionate internal dialogue, and integrating interpersonal supports become critical to addressing the trauma rooted in PANIC/GRIEF system activation.
Enhancing Resilience through Positive Emotional Systems
A crucial therapeutic implication from Panksepp’s affective neuroscience is the recognition that trauma recovery is not solely about reducing negative emotional activation but also about enhancing the positive emotional systems (SEEKING, PLAY, CARE). The PLAY and CARE systems are associated with joy, creativity, nurturing, and social bonding—positive experiences that can significantly buffer trauma-related symptoms by promoting neural integration, emotional flexibility, and resilience (Panksepp & Biven, 2012). Encouraging playful interactions, creative activities, social engagement, and nurturing relationships in therapy can stimulate these positive emotional circuits, promoting recovery and neural healing.
Clinical Integration and Therapeutic Implications
Integrating Panksepp’s affective neuroscience into trauma-informed therapy provides a neurobiological rationale for emotion-focused interventions. By recognizing that trauma symptoms are fundamentally grounded in primal emotional systems activated for survival, therapists gain deeper insight into the instinctual basis of their clients’ behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. This knowledge informs compassionate, targeted interventions tailored to recalibrate affected emotional circuits, reduce maladaptive responses, and build healthy neural pathways for emotional regulation and social connection (Panksepp & Biven, 2012; Van der Kolk, 2014).
Panksepp’s affective neuroscience framework offers trauma therapists a powerful lens through which to understand, validate, and effectively respond to their clients’ emotional experiences. By explicitly targeting the neural circuits underlying fear, rage, grief, and positive emotional experiences, therapists can facilitate more profound healing, emotional regulation, and lasting trauma recovery.