Structural Dissociation

Body of Knowledge of Psychotraumatology

Attachment Theory and Trauma

Attachment theory, initially developed by John Bowlby, has evolved to incorporate neurobiological findings and to illuminate the impact of early relational trauma on development. A secure attachment in infancy (formed through consistent, attuned caregiving) is now understood as a primary protector against the harmful effects of stress (Schore, 2001). By contrast, trauma in the context

Body of Knowledge of Psychotraumatology

Parts Theory, Ego-State Theory, and Structural Dissociation: Differences, Overlaps, and Clinical Implications for Trauma

Theories emphasizing multiplicity within the personality, such as Parts Theory (Internal Family Systems - IFS), Ego-State Theory, and the Theory of Structural Dissociation, have significantly enriched contemporary trauma treatment by acknowledging internal fragmentation and promoting integration as central therapeutic goals (Fisher, 2017; Schwartz, 2021; Van der Hart et al., 2006). Parts Theory (Internal Family Systems)

Body of Knowledge of Psychotraumatology

Theory of Structural Dissociation and Trauma-Related Dissociation

The Theory of Structural Dissociation, developed by Onno van der Hart, Ellert Nijenhuis, and Kathy Steele (2006), provides a comprehensive framework for understanding dissociation as a fundamental consequence of trauma. This theory offers a detailed conceptualization of how traumatic experiences, particularly chronic or developmental trauma, fragment an individual's personality into distinct psychological structures or parts,

Evidence-Based Trauma Therapies and Models

Deep Brain Reorienting (DBR)

Deep Brain Reorienting (DBR), developed by psychiatrist Frank Corrigan, is a specialized trauma therapy explicitly designed to address deep-seated trauma impacts at the subcortical, neurophysiological level. DBR is particularly suitable for trauma marked by intense emotional and somatic dysregulation, chronic dissociation, and unresolved survival-based responses. Foundational Principles DBR is grounded in trauma neuroscience, specifically targeting

Evidence-Based Trauma Therapies and Models

Finding Solid Ground – Stabilization Program for Trauma-Related Dissociation

Overview Finding Solid Ground is a structured, psychoeducational stabilization program specifically designed for individuals with trauma-related dissociation. Developed by Dr. Bethany Brand, Dr. Ruth Lanius, and other experts in dissociation, it provides a step-by-step, skills-based framework that can be delivered in group or individual formats. Its goal is to help clients strengthen safety, self-regulation, and

Evidence-Based Trauma Therapies and Models

Internal Family Systems (IFS) Therapy

Internal Family Systems (IFS) therapy, developed by Richard Schwartz in the 1980s, has emerged as a highly effective and innovative approach for treating complex trauma and related psychological disorders. IFS conceptualizes the psyche as comprising distinct internal "parts," each embodying unique roles, emotions, and beliefs that are formed through developmental experiences, particularly those involving trauma.

Evidence-Based Trauma Therapies and Models

Trauma-Informed Stabilization Treatment (TIST)

Overview Trauma-Informed Stabilization Treatment (TIST), developed by Dr. Janina Fisher, is a phase-oriented, parts-based model designed for individuals with complex trauma, dissociation, and self-destructive behaviors. TIST blends structural dissociation theory, sensorimotor psychotherapy, and mindfulness into a practical, safety-first approach that helps clients develop internal stability before direct trauma processing. Foundational Principles Parts Work as Stabilization:

The Triphasic Model for Treating Trauma

Phase Three: Integration and Rehabilitation

After trauma memories have been safely processed and adaptively restructured, clients enter the Integration and Rehabilitation phase. This stage is crucial for translating therapeutic gains into sustainable changes, personal growth, and meaningful reintegration into daily life. 1. Integration of Processed Traumatic Experiences Core Objectives: Facilitate a coherent narrative that integrates traumatic experiences into a person's

Trauma

Complex Trauma (Complex PTSD)

Definition and Core Criteria: Chronic, Relational, and Developmental Aspects Complex trauma, commonly referred to as Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD or C-PTSD), describes the pervasive and prolonged psychological consequences resulting from chronic, interpersonal, and often early-life traumatic experiences. Unlike single-event trauma, complex trauma typically involves ongoing situations characterized by relational betrayal, emotional and physical

Trauma

Overview of Trauma Types

Trauma, by its very nature, profoundly alters individuals’ psychological, emotional, physiological, relational, and even existential landscapes. Though all traumatic experiences share certain defining qualities—such as overwhelming the individual’s coping resources and shattering basic assumptions about safety and control—each trauma category also carries distinct impacts and considerations essential for tailored, effective treatment (Herman, 1992; Courtois &